The Member Of The Wedding By Carson Mccullers - 1504 Words

Weddings are meant to be a time of happiness and joy for both families of the couple who intend on joining their lives together. This cultural normality does not prove true for Frankie Addams, in the novel The Member of the Wedding written by Carson McCullers. Frankie is a young, twelve year old girl full of jealousy towards her older brother who will be wed towards the end of the novel. Despite being a tomboy, Frankie dreamed and eventually became obsessed with her wedding and the thought of getting married. The novel, set in southern United States in 1944, focuses on Frankie’s lack of a crowd to classify with and her desire to change herself to fit in with those around her. The reader learns of Frankie’s plans to run away with her brother because she feels she will fit in with him and his fiancà © due to the love she has for the two of them. The author develops this novel by creating a â€Å"fascination with the breaking apart of the individual and social body† (Thurschwell 109) and sharing this fascination with the reader. This character analysis will show how the novels plot is guided by the transformations of the protagonist, Frankie, shown primarily through her identity changes which separate the novel into three separate parts in order to develop the main theme of losing innocence. At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist is referred to as â€Å"Frankie† in order to show the adolescence and immaturity of both her and the novel present in the first part. In the first partShow MoreRelatedThe Member Of The Wedding By Carson Mccullers1235 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough a character of few pages and few words, I find Honey Brown to be the most compelling and intriguing figure of The Member of the Wedding by Carson McCullers. Honey Brown, the foster brother of Berenice, drifts into the story only a handful of times, but his presence, even in the shadows of the scenes, creates a growing curiosity for the reader and ignites a p rofound empathy for his account. His quiet and stunted dialogues and solemn nature create an enigmatic yet noteworthy narrative. Read MoreMember of the Wedding by Carson Mccullers - Context Essay (Expository)1748 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel ‘The Member of The Wedding’ by Carson McCullers, the author explores this concept of identity and belonging, conveying her key views and values through the struggles of her story’s main protagonist, Frankie. Frankie is a twelve year old girl who is very much confused with the world, and finds herself in a situation which is familiar to most adolescents; awkwardly caught up somewhere between childhood and adulthood, with the haunting feeling of belonging â€Å"to no club and [being] a member of nothingRead MoreNoteworthy American Writers: Carson McCullers Essay2022 Words   |  9 PagesCarson McCullers is regarded as one of the most noteworthy American writers of the twentieth century. She had a challenging life; she was co nstantly battling illness, a turbulent marriage and alcoholism. The way she lived and felt is reflected in some of her novellas and short stories. In Ballad of a Sad Cafe there is a blend of isolation and the absence of love that consumes three characters: Amelia, Marvin, and Lymon. The novella The Members of the Wedding delves into the life of Frankie AdamsRead MoreEssay on Carson McCullers1148 Words   |  5 PagesCarson McCullers      Ã‚  Ã‚   Walter Allen said of Carson McCullers; ``Faulkner apart, the most remarkable novelist the South has produced seems to me Carson McCullers (Allen 208). Her work is marked with the feeling of loneliness coming from her lonely childhood (spiritual isolation is the basis of most of her themes) and the music she always wanted to study. She wrote novels, short stories and dramas. In all she received the recognition of both the public, her fellows writers, and criticsRead MoreThe American Of American Literature1425 Words   |  6 Pagesstyles and subject themes of American literature. â€Å"To be a good American means to understand the simple principles on which our nation was founded, to observe them in our daily life and fight for them†.- New bold Morris. Originally Lula Carson Smith, Carson McCullers were born on February 19, 1917, in Columbus, Georgia. Her Mother’s grandfather was a planter and confederate was a hero. Her father was a watchmaker and jeweler of French Huguenot descent. From the age of ten she took piano lessons; whenRead MoreCarson Mccullers Themes Of Loneliness And Isolation1356 Words   |  6 Pages More than half a century later, Carson McCullers’ themes of loneliness and isolation still speak to today’s readers. The work â€Å"Reflections In a Golden Eye†of Carson McCullers drew a lot of criticism, but was anything but unsuccessful. Carson McCullers’ problems with her health and family brought upon manors of writing, she expressed her loneliness and isolation, showing issues relating to bisexuality, infidelity, hostility, and murder. Lastly she made a large impact in the readers and otherRead MorePost Modern Er Carson Mccullers1869 Words   |  8 Pagesreturn to normal life. However, with the desire to return to normal, Americans in the 1950’s had a hard time determining what they would consider normal. One early post-modern author, Carson McCullers, focused her writing on the feeling of isolation and loneliness that American citizens were facing at the time. Carson McCullers’s novels and short stories contain themes of isolation, death, hope, and dark humor, which are all symbolic of the hardships humans faced in the post-modern time period andRead MoreThe Contribution Of The Civil Rights Movement1226 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered for an honor. Mary Blackmon started women’s athletics at CSU. Frank Brown , former president at CSU, transformed CSU from a commuter college into the massive university it is today. Thomas Whitley was the founding president at CSU. Carson McCullers was a well-known author in Columbus. All these people did something great for CSU. However, I believe John Townsend, the first African American stude nt at CSU, is the one who deserves a statue . The Civil Rights movement was an incredible Read MoreWithout Connection to Others There Is No Me1863 Words   |  8 Pageson an individual’s sense of belonging include identity and heritage.  It is a part of humanity which makes us desire to want to belong to a social, religious or even racial group which ultimately forms the person we become. Renowned author Carlson McCullers reflects these ideas. â€Å"I think the idea of wanting to belong haunts every child. And not only children. I think it is the primary question. Who am I? What am I? And where do I belong?†It is of grave importance that we understand we are simply mereRead MoreFrank Brown s A Proper Recognition1208 Words   |  5 Pagesin contention for a statue would be Carson McCullers. McCullers had her share of national accomplishments. She won many awards for her literary works during her lifetime including The Heart of a Lonely Hunter and The Member of the Wedding. McCullers accomplished nationwide succe ss and was considered one of the pioneers for women writers. She was also a role model for those in society deemed as â€Å"misfits.† Although, this is indeed a great achievement, McCullers’ life was not dedicated to bettering

The Ethics Of Life Before You Pray Essay - 813 Words

Essay 1 â€Å"Six Ethics of Life: Before you pray – believe. Before you speak – listen. Before you spend – earn. Before you write – think. Before you quit – try. Before you die – live!!† Are ethics really this? Is this what we the Nation, We The People of The United States are going by now? Do we have to go by these six ethics of life? That is what people portray us to do, we are supposed to go by what quotes, books or a newspaper article. Everyone has a different way of doing things, like praying before a meal, or speaking before they listen. It depends on how people look at things. Some are the â€Å"thinkers before speaking† and some are not. This is why the government declines ethics and morality, we the people are not supposed to have our own thoughts, we are only allowed to think how they, the government, want us to. Think about it, if everyone had his or her own way of thinking and we did not grow up into all the ethics that has gone on for generations would we be where we were today? They tell us that our world will come to an end, but why is that? It is because they can t have control anymore, they cannot have our minds in a bubble. People are now thinking outside of the box, understanding how things work now, it has been the same thing over and over for years. New generations come into this world and here everyone is, makingit like it is the best thing to live here, maybe if you are rich, or if we know the â€Å"right† people. Other than that, these kids are going to fallShow MoreRelatedMisfit Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagesmoral codes; his ethics and outlook on life are messed up. At the end of the story, t he grandma tries to save herself and the rest of the family by talking to the Misfit to calm him down. However, they ended up with an inevitable demise that left the whole family dead. Before the family was going to Florida for vacation, the grandma tells everyone about the escaped prisoner. â€Å"Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here whatRead MoreIs Cheating Ethical1654 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Many people tend to equate ethics with their feelings. But being ethical is clearly not a matter of followings one’s feelings. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Being ethical is not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing â€Å"whatever society accepts.† In any societyRead MoreThe Ethics And Values Of Healthcare912 Words   |  4 PagesEthics according to the Webster dictionary, â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad; ethics; an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior; a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong; a belief that something is very important.† (Merriam-Webster, 2015) My own definition of ethic is practicing kindness, respect, and fairness. Ta king credit for the work you have done regardless good or bad. I believe children shouldRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of People : How Dna Is Located, Extracted And Amplified1055 Words   |  5 Pagesstandpoints and personal ethics. The idea resonating in these circles brings to light the availability to be able to selectively choose your offspring and specific features that you may want them to have. This entire idea starts at the very beginning of where life is formed. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic finger print that is found in every living organism. The initial discovery of DNA was first identified in the late 1860’s by a Swiss Chemist named Friedrich Miescher (Pray, 2008). HoweverRead MoreReligion Should Be Non Existent But Society1675 Words   |  7 Pagesshare like beliefs. Theses members of the Abrahamic faiths each believe in some sort of god or higher power. These three religions have made the most impact on society as well as the environment. Sh aring Eden explains environmental awareness and ethics behind each perspective. The one thing that I found interesting about the Jewish perspective of the environment was the creation of man and the Garden of Eden. The story of creation is fairly simple; God created the world in seven days. In the bookRead MoreThe Sports Of Sports And Religion1482 Words   |  6 PagesSo who do you really want on your team? There is a real debate going on. Would you rather be on a team with a born-again Christian, who would rather read the Bible than the playbook, or a with a party going statistic acquiring machine that stays out late getting drunk, or is constantly seeking performance enhancing drugs? This question has been going back since the beginning of professional sports, and it probably will never be answered. The co-existence of sports and religion occur throughoutRead MoreRobinson Crusoe Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesthan just a book or a story. It is a small encyclopedia in a manner of speaking. It tells us things about the era and the people of the time period in which it was written. Defoe introduces to us, the readers, the importance of the protestant work ethic to the European world in his time. He goes into great detail about religion, and demonstrates to us the gripping effect that it has on the person who places their faith in it. Robinson Crusoe is a story of a man that ran from God until he could runRead MoreThe History Of Rasselas, Prince Of Abyssinia By Samuel Johnson Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesmodel of reality. It is the idea and attitudes towards the world, life, and us as individuals. Each individual has their own unique worldview. People acquire a worldview by how they go through life, it may change or even stay the same. How they grew up, life situations, values, religion, and attitudes are factors that may affect one’s worldview. There are many questions that can make up one’s worldview. How should we act? What gives life purpose? Where did we come from? These are some of many questionsRead MoreAppendix H Monotheistic Religions739 Words   |  3 PagesJudaism started at Mount Sinai in Arabia according to history; however, Israel was to be the homeland of the Jews. | * Originated in eastern Mediterranean throughout the life of Jesus Christ, in addition to it becoming the major religion of the Roman Empire by the end of the 4th century | * Islam derived from Mecca before the prophet Muhammad journeyed to Medina. * Arabia which is recognized as being the country of derivation; even so, In addition, Islam was developed inside of Egypt andRead MoreHarry S. Truman s Life864 Words   |  4 Pagesexpertise, not because of his ordinary, basic look or lack of college education. No matter how people perceived him, Tru man had industrial-strength; he stood his ground on his beliefs. His life would take him one of the most elaborate rides one could experience. Truman’s formative years taught him endurance, his life in the war taught him courage, and presidency taught him resilience. Although when growing up Truman was never allowed to roughhouse or horseplay with other children because his mother

Second Language Required Police Departments Free Essays

Second Language Required Melanie Martinez Current Issues in Criminal Justice Everest University Online Second Language Required The United States of America is full of many cultures, languages, and heritage. With many citizens’ ancestors originating from other countries, it is no wonder that almost every language has made it into America. Law enforcement can be delayed by these languages, though. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Language Required Police Departments or any similar topic only for you Order Now Officers can benefit from being bilingual, but that is not the reality for most departments. With Spanish being the second, or even first, language of most citizens, it is essential for law enforcement to learn this language, or another popular one. It can help avoid confusion from a suspect not responding or prevent an unnecessary death. When an officer can speak more than one language it may help save lives. If a patrol car pulled up to a house where an unanswered 911 call was made, they may be entering a dangerous area. If it was a meth lab that was about to blow up, and the person outside only spoke Spanish, they could unknowingly enter the home and it explode with them in it. That is a situation that could be prevented with taking the time to learn another language. Even though getting every officer to learn another language would benefit the effect of law enforcement, the reality of the situation is saddening. With officers working long hours and in a stressful job, it does not allow much time for officers to learn a new language (Hickey, 2012). Along with tight budgets of police departments, it does not allow the officers to learn it at work either. The reality of the situation is that officers just do not have the time to learn another language. It would also make officers work even longer; resulting in more overtime and it would complicate staffing when learning it on the job. Learning another language is beneficial to the officer and the police department in every city. It would avoid complications and confusion in any given situation (Khashu, Rahman, amp; Shah, 2007). It also is not really a reality with the hours officers and the stress deal with on a daily basis. Time management is the only way to get it done with the help of the department, officers, and the budget. It is all a matter of time. Reference List Khashu, A. , Rahman, I. , amp; Shah, S. (2007). Overcoming language barriers: solutions for law enforcement. Vera Institute of Justice. U. S. Department of Justice. Page 4. Retrieved from: http://www. cops. usdoj. gov/Publications/vera_translating_justice_final. pdf Hickey. (2012). Taking sides: clashing views in crime and criminology, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How to cite Second Language Required Police Departments, Essays

Othello Essay Research Paper William Shakespeares Othello free essay sample

Othello Essay, Research Paper William Shakespeare? s Othello tells the narrative of one adult male on the top of his game shot down by his ain green-eyed monster. It takes topographic point in 16th century Italy, right around the clip of the failed Turkish invasion. Othello starts out as a brilliant military officer in the Italian military, but through the love of a adult female, he is brought to an ill-timed death. The narrative is really a drama and it is non known if Shakespeare of all time knew these dramas were to be read. The narrative is told by the characters in the drama. Othello falls frantically in love with Desdemona, a beautiful lady whose male parent is portion of the nobility. His love is meet with tonss of bitterness from other characters for whatever ground. Othello so gets truly covetous of Desdemona and winds up killing himself for it. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Essay Research Paper William Shakespeares Othello or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The drama is intriguing for its usage of the cryptic character Iago, Othello? s foil. He represents the immorality in this narrative. Although most of his yesteryear is unknown, his purposes for Othello are rather clear. ? I follow him to function my bend upon him? is included in one of the first addresss he makes against Othello. So right of the chiropteran, you know that he is plotting and intriguing behind his dorsum. This is besides supported in the duologue in his monologue in Act 2 Scene 3 line 326 when Iago outlines his whole secret plan His grounds for this are ill-defined. Shakespeare gives a few grounds why, but since the narrative begins in the center of his secret plan, its remains mysterious.. As the drama progresses, his character is developed through his actions and duologue. He presents himself as a nice cat to everyone, salvage his ain married woman and leads to his death. By playing both sides of the field, its shown he has no truenesss save for himself. Although fo r a brief minute, it seems that he is in love with Desdemona but when he kills Roderigo merely to protect his program, it becomes rather clear he is delusional and is fixed upon the devastation of Othello. In the soliloqu Ys discussed supra, he besides convinces himself that he is non at mistake and that is a certain mark of disenchantment from world. Overall, he is a authoritative illustration of a truly evil and complex character. Another really of import component in this drama is theme green-eyed monster. Iago is covetous of Othello, Othello is covetous of Cassio, this drama is dripping with the jealous monster. Othello is besides deluded into believing Cassio is agitating it up, for deficiency of a better term, with Desdemona. His whole theory of her cheating is built on rumor and obscure grounds, therefore the hankie. Jealousy leads all the characters in the narrative to happen out at that place fatal defects in the terminal. The message Shakespeare is seeking to pass on is that the devastation of love, ego and life can be found through green-eyed monster. It is human nature to be covetous. However in this drama, green-eyed monster seems to devour the charters. This is supported by the fact that they all killed each other or got arrested in the terminal. Aside from the elements of the narrative, Skakespeare # 8217 ; s usage of linguistic communication throughout the drama is colossal, and that term barely does anything justness. At first, his authorship is difficult to understand, but after a few hours, his words flow like something that flows truly good, like H2O. His duologue conveys every emotion and feeling with absolute beauty. His metaphors and significances are merely so absorbing. He uses tonss but some of his best are when he relates jealously to a? jealous monster, which doth mock the meat it feeds on? . Its those small things he uses that make the drama that excess spot better than other authors. Othello is the narrative of one tragic hero and his ain green-eyed monster. It is a sad narrative of one adult male who makes a truly large error, and realizes it. Shakespeare? s expression into human nature is an interesting penetration into ourselves. Its good written and merely obviously good, suited for anyone interested in life itself. ( Kinda deep I know )

Gravity Essays - Classical Mechanics, Theories Of Gravitation

Gravity Gravity The gravitational force at the surface of the planet is the force that binds all bodies to earth, this force is one of the four forces recognized by physicists, and this kind of force is known as ?gravity? it attracts every celestial object to earth, and though it is the most important of the forces essential for our lives, it is the least comprehended of them all Throughout ages scientists have tried to solve the mystery of gravity, and one of the first discoveries concerning gravity was made by Aristotle who concluded from his experiments that the downward movement of any body is that has weight had a proportional relationship between its quickness in motion and its size. However this theory was accepted for centuries, but after a series of experiments made by Galileo, Aristotle's theory was proved to be incorrect, as Galileo said after a series of experimenting at the Pisa tower that bodies of different sizes fall with the same speed. Later on, the idea that the force is needed so as to change the motion of the body was discovered. After that a great scientist was to improve all the previously accepted theories, this scientist was Newton who was to make decisive advances in understanding gravity. In his first law Newton said that a body in state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line will keep on moving unless acted upon by a force, w hile in his second Newton expressed his first law in a more quantitative way as he said that force acting on a body is the rate of change of it's momentum which can be put in a rule as F= ma Where (F) is the force acting on the body while (a) and (m) are the acceleration and inertial mass of the body respectively. Newton also made the law of gravitation in which he expressed the gravitational force of attraction between any two bodies acting along the line joining them as Where (m) is the mass of the two bodies and (r) is the distance between them, while (G) is the proportionality constant known as the constant of gravitation, afterwards Newton made his very important assumption in which he showed that the inertial mass of a body is identical to its gravitational mass which implied that the gravitational force exerted on or by an object is directly proportional to its inertia. After that, scientists wanted to determine the value of the gravitational constant, in which the English scientist Henry Cavendish calculated as G= 6.754 x 10 Nm /Kg For hundreds of years, Newton's laws where considered as the basis of modern physics, and one of the things that proved Newton's theories was the discovery of the planet Neptune but there were also many important issues that were not discovered by Newton such as, that there is no way to describe mass except with reference to acceleration, another issue is that no force moves without acceleration, a third one is that when we mention acceleration we have to say with respect to what? . All the previously mentioned theories, were studied by Einstein who wondered why is the inertial mass proportional to the gravitational mass and after experimenting he made his theory of equivalence in which stated that if we had two systems, the first had acceleration with no gravitational field while the second has acceleration with no gravitational mass and while the other is at rest and has a gravitational field, the results would be equivalent, and by the year 1916 Einstein had completed the mathematical theory of gravitation which was the general theory of relativity. Einstein's theories opposed those of Newton's in at least two major and measurable issues that were the curvature of light and the shifting of the wavelength of the light. In conclusion, the issue was a subject of research done by the greatest scientists ever known as Newton and Einstein, and it will always be a subject of research, as think the gravitational mystery still might not be totally unraveled and I think that many other theories will be made to emphasize the force that keeps standing at that planet.

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example

A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay Example A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay A Study on the Effectivity of the Philippine Prison System Essay p. 406. 4 BECCARIA, OF C RIMES AND PUNISHMENT 96 ( 1964) . 5 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) CONGRESS, SENATE COMMITTEE ON JUSTICE, LAUREL ON PENAL REFORM (THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE P ENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENOLOGY), hereinafter referred to as the LAUREL REPORT. . 6 Ibid. , 11. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 63 2. Brief History of Philippine Prison System One of the most important facets of our criminal justice system is the institution of prisons. It is found to be an indispensable means towards societal survival and deterrence from further assaults against the state. Like any other institutions, the Philippine prison system also underwent some transformations. Pre-Spanish The pre-Spanish era was marked by basic political diversity. The main political unit was the barangay which exercised jurisdiction within its small territorial limits composed mostly of about 100 to 200 families. Consequently, there was no single criminal justice system and there was no single prison system in the Philippines. As a matter of fact, imprisonment as a penalty for law-violations was unheard of. There were no prisons to house any felon since punishment was mainly retributive in character. 7 Some historical documents such as the Code of Kalantiao (1433) prescribed death, incineration, flagellation, mutilation, swimming under water for a fixed time, ant treatment and fines . Those guilty of recidivism were beaten to death or exposed to ants for 1 day. Slavery or servitude was also imposed as subsidiary penalties for fines. All these indicate that the preSpanish criminal law was purely punitive and retributive. Spanish Regime Upon the in1position of the Spanish control, the European Criminal system was introduced in the Philippines. Those penal laws consisting of royal decrees, orders, ordinances, rules and regulations for the governing of colonies which were later embodied in the Re copilacion de las Leyes de India, became the base of the Philippine Penal Laws. The compilation also was the basis for rules governing prison administration. Vicente Liwanag in his doctoral dissertation gives us some idea of the Spanish penal rules. x x there were laws which prohibited the imprisonment of poor people in lieu of fines, rules separating men and women prisoners, the segregation of persons detained apart from those already convicted by the courts and the separation of prisoners of good conduct from those incorrigible character. Maltreatment of the prisoners was prohibited and so was the extorting of money from them as well as his use of their services by employers of the prison for personal benefits. The receiving of gifts in any form by prison employers from families of the prisoners was strictly forbidden while the briI)ging of food and clothes was permitted. Rigid search 7 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , p. 14. 8 See NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRIME 3 (1976) . 64 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 was made of these articles in order to prevent the introduction of weapons. No alcoholic drinks were permitted to be brought in. 9 By 1887 the aforecited Recopilacion was substituted by the imposition of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. Basically the Spanish criminal justice system was punitive or retributive in character. It also sought to segregate convicted criminals from the mainstream of the society. Punishment of criminals was undertaken by the incarceration of convicts for a period depending on the nature of the crime. Initially, prisoners were confined in jails under the jurisdiction of the commandancia of the province. There was no single penal system until the Spanish government decided to erect national penitentiaries. On September 12, 1859, the Spanish government opened for public bidding the construction of a prison to be known as the Carcel y Prisidio Correccional which would house about 1,127 prisoners all over the Philippines. lO Upon awarding the contract to Sixto Ejida Obispo for P268,083. 5, construction of the building began at Azcarraga, Manila. ll Seven years later, the building was completed. The prison which was to be known as the Bilibid Prisons was described as follows: It was composed of the following buildings: one building for the offices and quarters of the prison warden and 15 buildings or Departments for prisoners which were arranged radially and formed spokes. The central tower formed the hub. Under this tower was the chapel. There were four cell-houses for the isolated prisoners and four isolated buildings located on the four corners of the walls which served as kitchen, hospital and stores. The prison was divided in the middle by a thick wall. 12 Aside from the Bilibid prisons there were three other principal penitentiaries established by the Spanish government in Cavite, Zamboanga and the Marianas Island. American Regime Upon the withdrawal of the Spanish government, all prisoners were released and the penitentiaries were abandoned until 1905 when the American Army reestablished the institutions and created the Bureau of Prisons under the Department of Commerce and Police. 3 During the period, additional insular prisons were established: I wahig Penal Colony, San Ramon Prison (reactivated), Corregidor Stockade (phased out in 1941), Bontoc Prison, Correctional Institute for Women and the Davao Penal Colony. 9 LIWANAG, COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF OHIO AND PHILIPPINE PENAL SYSTEM 20 (1970). 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. , p. 19. cit. , p. 25. Note: Act No. 1407 (1905), sec. 25. The Bureau was later transferred to the Department of Public Instruction and then transferred to the Departme nt of Justice. 12 LAUREL REPORT, op. 13 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 65 In 1924, Director of Prisons Ramon Victorio advocated the transfer of the Bilibid Prisons from the heart of Manila to a place outside the city because of the rapid increase of the prison population. 14 A committe~ headed by the Secretary of Justice was formed in order to study the feasibility of the proposal. In 1936, the city of Manila exchanged its 552 hectares of land located at Muntinlupa, Rizal for the Bilibid Prison which later became the Manila City Jail. 15 Thereafter, construction began and shortly before the outbreak of the war and before the complex was completed, the transfer of all insular prisoners was undertaken. During the war, the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa was used by the Japanese for incarcerating suspected guerrillas and Japanese enemies. Upon the liberation of Manila, former American prisoners of war were confined at the New Bilibid Prisons for recuperation. The American period did not radically alter the penal philosophy of the Philippines. It continued to rely on the outmoded classical doctrine of free will which punished the crime rather than the criminal. The promul~ gation of the Revised Penal Code did not significantly change the philosophy~. It is also punitive in character, albeit with some redeeming features such as the mitigating and aggravating circumstances wherein the conditions or the circumstances of the criminal at the time of the commission of the crime are to be considered,16 In 1919 the Philippine Bar Association created a committee to investigate the conditions inside the national penitentiary. The committee found out that the prisoners were subjected to cruel and excessive punishment. I .? They singled out the bartolina which constitutes ot close confinement in irons with the prisoners hands chained to a post or wall at about the height of liis shoulder. A gag was also used occasionally to prevent the prisoner from making loud or disagreeable noises. This gag consisted of a piece of wood fitted to enter the mouth : of the prisoners. On the other hand, the institution of open penal farms was introduced. Prisoners with good record of behavior at the New Bilibid Prisons were transported to penal colonies at Iwahig at Davao to work as farmers in a~ atmosphere similar to a free society. Present Upon the establishment of the present Philippine republic, ideas of rehabilitation began to be advocated. In 1949, the Department of Justice 14 LlWANAG, op. cit. , p. 21. 15 Report of the Bureau of Prisons. 16 See Aquino, Crime Prevention and . Treatment of O/Jenders in the Philippines, in THREE MEMORANDA ON THE TREATMENT OF CRIMlNAL OFFENDERS AND PREVENTION CruMES IN THE PHILIPPINES 1 (1947). 17 See Raul Ingles, 50 Years with the Times: Lawyers Investigated Tortures OF of. Prisoners, Manila Times, January 14, 1969, p. 14-A. 66 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 issued rules for the treatment of prisoners which aimed, among others, at the reha,bilitation of the criminal. The purpose of the prison system was not merely to punish the crime but likewise to rehabilitate or correct the criminal. However, this did not significantly alleviate the actual condition of the prisons. The New Bilibid Prisons proved to be inadequate to meet the demands of growing prison population. The overcongestion, inadequate food, accommodation and idleness of the prisoners were cited as causes of the prison riots of the 1950s and the 1960s. The Senate committee on Justice of the Fourth Session of the Sixth Congress investigated the condition of he penitentiaries in 1968-69, and findings revealed the sub-human conditions inside the prisons. In 1971, the government erected two satellite camps to alleviate the problem of congestion inside the National Bilibid Prisons proper. The Camp Sampaguita houses the medium-security prisoners, the youthful offenders and the Reception Diagnostic Center. The Camp Bukang-Liwayway on the other hand houses the minimum-security prisoners who have served at least one-fifth of their maximum sentence. . By 1976, the Philippine government had more than 1,500 correctional institutions. Of this number, 8 are insular prisons under the direct supervision of the Directors of Prisons; 72 are provincial jails administered by the provincial governors; 65 city jails and 1,437 municipal jails 18 which are administered by the local police agencies under the Integrated National Police. C. Theories and Purposes of Prison System There are three main schools of thought or approaches with regard to the treatment of criminals. These schools of thought are better known as the classical, neo-classical and the positive or Italian. The first school of thought, the classical school, lays stress on the crimes not on the criminal. Punishment is retributive and punitive. It is standardized and proportioned to the gravity and nature of the offense. This school assumes that every individual has free will and knows the penal law. It is further postulated that man is rational and calculating. Thus, he will refrain from criminal acts if threatened with punishment to cancel the hopes of possible gain or advantage. 19 Curtis Bok in his monograph, Problems in Criminal Law, published in 1955 proposes that prison management should be conducted with rigid discipline, few privileges and no nonsenses. Prison should have maximum security, with high walls, floodlights, armed guards and steel bars. 20 18 NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION, op. 191 AQUINO, REVISED PENAL CODE 3 cit. , p. 7. (1961), quoting SEAGLE, HISTORY OF LAW 241 (1946) . 20 LAUREL REPORT, op. cit. , 46. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 67 Among the exponents of this school of penology were Beccaria, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Voltaire. The second school of thought is the so-called Neo-classical school. This approach to penology arose at the time of the French Revolution and the period immediately following. It maintains that while the classical doctrine is correct in general it should be modified in certain details. It argues that since childrenand lunatics cannot calculate pleasures and pains they should not be regarded as criminals or be punished. Mitigating and exempting circumstances are to be taken into account. The reaction to crime is no longer purely punitive, punishment is imposed upon some lawbreakers but not on others. By this approach it is necessary for administrators of justice to consider the psychology and sociology of the crime. 21 The third school of thought is the Positivist School. It views crime as a social phenomenon and attaches much importance to the criminal or the actor. Positivist criminology is reformative and preventive and individualizes punishment. It views the criminal as a sick man who needs not to be punished but cured. The prison then should be a criminology hospital rather than a place for punishment. 22 Not all prisoners are treated the same way so that those criminals who can be reformed are to be reformed and those who cannot be reformed are to be segregated or killed. 23 The main exponents of this school of thought were Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri and Rafaelle Garofalo. Theory of the Philippine Revised Penal Code The present Revised Penal Code, known also as Act No. 3815 of the Philippine Legislature approved on December 8, 1930, is a compilation of the penal laws then in force in the country, without radical changes in structure. The backbone of this code is the Penal Code of Spain of 1870, which was in force in this country up to December 31, 1931; and as such, belongs to the old or classical school. It is eminently retributive in its purpose, and considers crime only as an issue of free human will, as a judicial entity pure and simple, paying little or no attention to the person. 4 Before the Revised Penal Code, there was a proposed Correctional Code completed in 1916 by Rafael Pan, a member of the Code Committee created by Act No. 1941. This Code laid emphasis on the rehabilitative function, instead of the punitive feature of penal law. It was not adopted by the lawmaking body but some of its provisions were incorporated in the Revised Penal Cod e,25 e. g. , mitigating and exempting circumstances. 21 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINOLOGY 260 22 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , note 19, pp. 3-4. 23 SUTHERLAND CRESSY, op. it. , pp. 260-261. 24 GUEVARA, PENAL ScIENCE AND PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW 25 1 AQUINO, op. cit. , p. 1. (6th ed. , 1960) . 708 (1974). 68 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Present trends also recognize that the purpose of the prison system need not be strictly punitive. Thus, it was stated in a working paper prepared by the Technical Panel, anti-disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention (National Police Commission)26 that Correction has many purposes and it is important to recognize that correctional program can differ for various types of offenders. For instance, in sentencing the convicted murderer, the punitive and deterrent purposes are served rather than the rehabilitative. The contrary is true with respect to the deprived, ill-educated, vocationally incompetent youth who is adjudged delinquent. With him, rehabilitative and reintegrative purposes predominate. The Rules of Treatment of prisoners issued in 1960 by the Department of Justice includes progressive views regarding the treatment of prisoners but still considers as the primordial end of imprisonment, the segregation from society of a person who by his acts has proven himself a danger to the free community. 27 As per theory and implementation in the present set-up, prisons are for the punishment of offenders and the correctional aspect is only subsidiary. Philippine Penal institutions are not equipped with adequate facilities and properly trained personnel to shift from the idea of retribution and punishment to one which emphasizes individualized treatment of the con vict. IV. COM P ARATIVE STATUTORY RIGHTS OF PRISONERS/ OFFENDERS The climate of concern for human rights felt throughout the world culminated in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights which defines explicitly the rights of offenders even after conviction. The declaration includes, among others, protection from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading punishments, a fair and public hearing in the determination of criminal charges and presumption of innocence until proven guilty. The Philippine Constitution makes mention of a basic right which should be respected when a person is accused or even convicted of crime. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. 28 Persons accused of crime are entitled to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, or quasi-judicial bodies. As a sanction to this mandate, the Constitution provides that a case or matter shall be decided or resolved from the date of its submission, shall be eighteen months for the Supreme Court, and, unless reduced by the Supreme Court, twelve months for all 26 Crime Prevention and Corrections; Working Paper prepared by the Technical Panel, Inter-Disciplinary Committee in Crime Prevention, in NATJONAL POLlCE COMMISSION, CRIME PREVENTION AND CONVICTION (FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE IN A STRATEGY TO CONTROL CRiME, Quezon City, July 22-24, 1976). 27 Rule 1 (a). 28 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. . 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 69 inferior collegiate courts, and three months for all other inferior courtS. 29 It is of common knowledge that a person accused of having committed a crime, is arrested and immediately put to jail. It seems to run counter to another constitutional provision which provides that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved. 3o T here were many instances when a person pronounced not guilty had stayed within the four walls of a prison cell for a longer period of time than if proved guilty. It would seem that the culture and the legal and administrative structures of a country determine in large measure the manner in which such country addresses itself to issues related to the rights of prisoners. Sweden and other Scandinavian countries have included in their Constitution or laws, the creation of ombudsman, an agency to elevate citizens grievances to include prisoners. New Zealand followed the Swedish model. Different approaches have been evolved in other countries. USSR and some socialist countries have their Procurados General vested with the primary responsibility for assuring the uniform application of law. In other countries, independent boards perform comparable functions to that of the Civil Liberties Bureau of the Ministry of Justice in Japan where the Bureau is vested with the power to investigate and collect informations concerning cases involving violations of human rights. In recent years, the United States and a few countries have witnessed an unprecedented involvement of the courts in the effort to define the limits of administrative discretion relative to human rights. I n some European countries, special judges are appointed to monitor the lawful execution of sentencing, which is in fact, an order of the court. In Italy, the Penal Code provides for a surveillance judge whose responsibility is to assure the proper and legal application of the sentence. France, Poland, Portugal and Brazil have similar provisions in their Penal Codes. 3 ! The debate about the appropriate role of the correctional institution is expected to continue and one unresolved question is about the extent the correctional system should have on the responsibility or the authority to employ measures designed to change human behavior and attitudes. Conversely, to what extent has the prisoner the right to reject, without prejudice, programs designed to correct or rehabilitate him? In a number of countries the primary objective of the prison system is to reform the convict through labor or through a process of reeducation that will ensure the subordination of individual interests to those of the larger society. The recognition of the existence of human rights does not necessarily guarantee that they will be extended to persons charged or convicted of crime. It is of paramount importance that effective grievance system is provided the prisoner to seck 29 CONST. , Art. X, sec. 11. 30 CONST. , Art. IV, sec. 19. 31 Five Piilars Of the Criminal Justice System. 70 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 redress for the infringement of any of their rights as recognized in the Standard Minimum Rules advocated by the United Nations. V. PRESENT SET-UP (IMPLEMENTATION) The effect of rules, concepts and ideals cannot be felt unless converted into action. An examination of the actual implementation of the rules and avowed policies of the Philippine prison system is in order. Several variables affect the implementation among which are the enforcing officers, the classification of prisoners, the treatment of officers, specially their living conditions and day to day activities. These factors if not properly handled will frustrate the lofty ideals for which the prison system is purported to be established. A. Enforcing Officers One important variable of our penal system is the quality of the officers duty bound to enforce the two avowed purposes of the penal system: to segregate and rehabilitate the prisoners. Organization The overall coordinator of the countrys penal institutions is the Bureau of Prisons, which is directly under the Secretary of Justice. The Bureau of Prisons is primarily in charge of the national penitentiaries and exercise supervisory powers over the provincial, city and municipal jails. Careful analysis of the organizational chart reveals a discrepancy between the avowed rehabilitative purpose of the penal system and the actuality. One would note immediately that there is no major department with the single purpose of taking care of the rehabilitative aspect of the prison. The only office that may be related to this purpose is that of the Inmate Guidance Supervisor which merely advises the Director concerning individual guidance counselling. Furthermore, the supervisor does not have a staff to undertake researches, implementation and coordination of the rehabilitative treatment. It may be true that the Bureau has an office of Penal Production Coordinator which coordinates the agricultural and industrial production of the correctional institutions but such activity, although it may be included in work-therapy may just be profit-oriented unless such activities are made with the ultimate design of rehabilitation. The Reception Diagnostic Center which should have been the nerve center of rehabilitation suffers from two defects: ( 1) The center merely recommends the kind of treatment that an individual prisoner should receive. It has no power to supervise the implementation of the treatment and (2) the center is directly under the New Bilibid Prisons when in fact the center classifies and recommends treatment not only for New Bilibid prisoners but also for prisoners of the Bureaus penal colonies. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 71 The following chart shows the organizational structure of the Bureau of Prisons: Office of the ~rector :Office of the Assistant Director : ;:ienior Executive : ASsistant II :1l edical Adviser :Legal Off icer :IllIllate Guidance supervisor Office of Penal Production Coordinat or : . Accounting . Div. ; iAdminis-: =trative : : Div. Budget Finance Div. :: Gen4ral services: Div. :J1edic al: Div. SUpply Div. i~ew i l:lili-: oi d ! ri son :Correc:tional : Insti:tute for: women Iwahig : ~rison ~enal . a:: : San Ra-: :mon : penal . : Davao : :Prison a: lienal :i;arm : Sabla- s;y stem :$1- - :yan :Pri son : :a: Pel4al: : I arm Leyte Regional Prison The chart also indicates that the Bureau has only nominal supervisory power over the provincial jails and the city and municipal jails inasmuch as the jails are financially supported by their respective local governments. 2 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The Batangas Provincial Jail Organizational chart shows: Provincial WQr4en A,dministrative Support supervla1ng COnsctional QlWZcl A cursory examination of the chart indicates that there is no office or division designed to provide rehabilitation services. The chart indicates only two major divisions: administrative staff and the custodial staff. There is even no classification Boar d. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 73 The same situation may be observed in the organizational chart of the Quezon City Jail. SsiMant City IillXd811 cl: SUpply s. cur~~y Property section s. ction l! ranaportat~on and Maint ellllc. tion Nevertheless, in a recent conference conducted by the National Police Commission, the Commission came up with a proposed standard organizational chart: Deput) Warden Adm1n1s. In the new chart, the Rehabilitative division is given significance. If the above chart is to be implemented, great stride towards penal reform may be achieved. But up to now, the Philippine penal system neglects the rehabilitative aspect of penology. 74 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Personnel Qualification and Training Like other Bureaus in the government, the Director of the Bureau of Prisons is a presidential appointee and all others are appointed in accordance with Pres. Decree No. 807. On the other hand, the jails are manned by the members of the Integrated National Police. The Office of the Director today is occupied by a retired army general whose training and orientation may not be adequate to serve the rehabilitative purpose of the penitentiaries under him. In an interview with Professor Pedro Solis of the V. P. College of Law who made a comparative study on European penology, he said that modern prison systems are headed by technical men who have specialized in penology and prison administration. Furthermore, the Assistant Director of the Bureau confessed that he was an engineer by profession. In theory, appointment to the prison staff must conform with the minimum qualifications laid down by the Wage Position Classification Officer (WAPCO). All positions in the staff including that of driver, and janitor require corresponding eligibilities. For instance, a prison guard must have any combination of training and experience equivalent to graduation from second schools and one year service in military or civilian guard work. Interviews with high ranking officers of the guards showed that the WAPCO classification for the recnJitment of guards is not being followed. The actual minimum requirements observed are those of height and weight. A guard must be 55 tall and must have a weight of 120 Ibs. The vaunted Reception Diagnostic Center is also not free from some criticisms. In the first place, the RDC is under the Superintendent of the New Bilibid Prisons whose orientation is entirely different from that of the RDC. The Superintendent transferred the Centers psychiatrist to the National Bilibid Prisons hospital, thus depriving the center of the services of a psychiatrist in the personality analysis of prisoners. It was observed that the center used to have permanent guards who had been trained to observe and report behaviors of individual prisoners. The reports made by these guards were vital in the diagnosis and classification of each prisoners. These guards have also been transferred to be ordinary custodial guards of the maximum-security prison. The center is now headed by a former school teacher and not by a psychologist or sociologist. It was also noted that the center lacks sufficient technical personnel. It only has four psychologists, four sociologists, one penal psychiatrist and one penal institution teacher, when in fact there are about 8,000 inmates inside the New Bilibid Prisons. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 75 The guards may be considered to have an important role in rehabilitation. Amongst the prison personnel, they are the persons who are in frequent contact with the inmates. As such they ought to be trained as agents of rehabilitation. But observations and interviews showed that training of guard merely relate to the custodial aspect. The chief of the Reception Diagnostic Center might be availed of to help train the guards for rehabilitative work but so far the Bureau has not taken steps in this direction. The provincial and city jails are in the same situation. They do not have any jail personnel to implement the jails purpose of rehabilitation. The personnel and guards are recruited from the police forces who are not especially trained for jail operation. According to the city warden of Quezon City, the rehabilitation cannot be undertaken by policemen whose training and orientation is punitive in character. The fact that they are policemen may prevent a friendly guard-inmate relationship necessary for rehabilitation. Personnel-Inmate Relationship Interview of 10 inmates was undertaken in order to determine the inmates impression of the prisons personnel. The determination of their opinions may be significant indicators of personnels effectiveness in the rehabilitation aspect. As a psychological rule, it is difficult to rehabilitate a prisoner when from his point of view the rehabilitator is also in need of treatment. It must be noted that the truth of the accusations made by prisoners is immaterial for the purpose of this paper. What is important is to determine the prisoners feeling towards their teacher. The most serious complaint aired by the inmates interviewed CO:lcerns their food allowance. According to data gathered, the food allowance for each prisoner is P4. 50 per day. However, it was alleged that wh~. t is actually spent for the prisoners food is only P1. 0. They said that the rest of the allowance are withheld or pocketed by certain officials and personnel of the Bureau. Consequently, the food served to them is not fit for human consumption. As a matter of fact, they said that they deliberately make it not palatable so that there will be more left-overs for the personnels private piggeries. It is to be wondered why there are blunt weapons insi de the prisons when in fact visitors are well inspected before entering the premises. The respondents said that these weapons were brought in by the guards themselves and sold to them for exorbitant prices. The respondents were asked what they thought about the guards. They said that they are agitators. They make intrigues to induce gang warfare in side the penitentiaries. Several reasons were cited by the respondents: ( 1) It is in the best interest of the guards to keep the gangs from being 76 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 united, for it would be difficult to confront about 8,000 prisoners united against them. (2) The riots and gangs were a cover-up for the guards corrupt practices inside the prison. (3) Animosity between gangs increases demands for weapons which are sold by guards. Aside from weapons, it was also stated that the guards also sell other commodities such as food, liquor, soap also at exorbitant prices. They said that a commodity which is worth P3. 00 outside is sold inside for the amount of PI5. 00. It is also significant to note that they named about four guards who are notoriously engaging in the lucrative business. Moreover, respondents thought that some guards are mentally insane. There was one guard who with the usc of a riot shot gun fired point blank against some prisoners playing cara cruz. When asked why, he said that he thought they were dragonflies. Although the guard is now under technical arrest, prisoners think that he will be acquitted and will resume his position as guard soon. There are more accusations against the personnel, and whether or not they are true, the responses show an unhealthy relationship between the personnel and the inmates. B. Prisoners 1. Classification Crime is a social disease. Like its kind which afflicts the body, crime has its causes, its history; it can lead to complications more serious, more malignant; it can be fatal. Thus, through the ages, society has devised a succession of systems and manner of dealing with the ailment, each one a reflection of the mood and temper of time. Indeed, the treatment of crime and the criminal has become one of the most unfailing tests of the civilization of any country. The prison of today is a clinic where the afflicted member is segregated, diagnosed, treated and rehabilitated with the view of returning him to the fold of the normal community, equipped with a healthier sense of values and prepared to accept the responsibilities of community life. The initial an d often the most crucial step in any treatment process is classification and the prescription of treatment procedure. a. Municipal or City Prisoners Any person detained or sentenced for violation of a municipal or city ordinance; a person detained pending trial before a municipal or city court; a person detained by order of a judge of a municipal or city court pending preliminary investigation of the crime charged until the court shall demand him to the Court of First Instance; and a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than thirty (30) days. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM IS 77 hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He to the municipal or city jail. 32 committed A visit made at the Quezon City Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following break-down of the classes of prisoners: . Detention Prisoners a. male b. female Detention Prisoners under P. D. 1081 a. male b. female Sentenced Prisoners a. Insular (National) b. Local c. Correctional Institution City Prisoners a. ale b. female Minors a. male b. female Total No . 336 12 24 o 1 o o 10 o o o 393 33 b. Provincial Prisoners Any person detained pending preliminary investigation before the Court of First Instance; a person who by reason of his sentence may be deprived of liberty for not more than one year or is subjected to a fine of not more than P500 or is subjected to both penalties, but if a prisoner receives two or more sentences in the agg regate exceeding the period of one year, he shall not be considered a provincial prisoner. The imposition of subsidiary imprisonment shall not be taken into consideration in fixing the status of a prisoner hereunder except when the sentence imposes a fine only. He is committed to the provincial jai1. 34 A visit made at the Batangas Provincial Jail (taken as a sample) shows the following breakdown of the classes of prisoners: Detention Prisoners a. male b. female No. 87 1 32 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR TIlE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(1). . -33 As per Quezon City Jail Records (September 2, 1977). 4 PHILIPPINES (REPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(2). 78 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 Provincial Prisoners a. male b. female Insular (National) Prisoners a. male b. female Total 14 o 5 o 107 3S c. National Prisoners Any prisoner who is neither municipal! city nor provincial prisoners shall be considered national prisoner; also a person sentenced for violation of the customs law or other laws within the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Customs or enforceable by it. He is committed to the Bureau of Prisons. 36 A convicted person classified as an insular or national prisoner is transferred from a municipal or city or provincial jail to the New Bilibid Prison at Muntinlupa, Rizal. He has to be further classified into maximum, medium or minimum prisoner. In our penal set-up, this function is handled by the Reception and Diagnostic Center, which is a relatively new development in the field of correction. As an institution, it started functioning only on October 1, 1953. CLassification The involved process of diagnosis begins from the time the individual offender is received at the Center, which is the only institution of the Bureau of Prisons assigned such function. Hence, within the limited framework of staff and facilities, every effort is made to determine the individual inmates physical inadequacies, his character disorders, his educational, social and vocational needs, his moral weaknesses as well as his strength. All this effort is geared to the creation of multi-dimensional pictures of the inmates an individual with characteristics that are solely his own. This individuality demands treatment programs with uncontained flexibility and range to meet the diverse needs and problems of as many types of prisoners as there are prisoners. Admission-Orientation Program During the first two weeks or so, the newcomer is confined at the quarantine cell where he undergoes an orientation of prison life. He is also examined in order to see whether he is in need of medical attention or suffering from diseases which may necessitate his segregation from the rest of the prison population. 5 As per Batangas Provincial Jail Record (August 10, 1977). 36 PHILIPPINES ( R EPUBLIC) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, RULES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS, 1960, Sec. 2(3). 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 79 Diagnostic Program After the quarantine period, the newcomer undergoes extensive interviews which seek to probe into his family history, his educational background, his mental condition, his personality make-up and intellectual functioning, his social and vocational history and even with his plan upon release. Those with certain skills or appropriate academic training may be given pre-classification or exploratory assignments in any of the various sections of the center. Illiterates are enrolled in adult education classes. Religious counselling and cathecisms are conducted regularly. T reatment Planning All the data gathered in the interviews and tests together with the observations and recommendations of the staff become part of the individuals prison record and forms the basis for individualized programs of treatment. In the process of treatment planning, a multiplicity of factors are further considered, such as length of sentence, recidivistic tendencies, type of crime and degree of involvement, availability of prison equipment and staff, the inmates region of origin and many others. The Staff Interview Finally, after a period of about two months, the individual is called to a staff interview, where with his individual participation, the program directed toward his rehabilitation is laid out and set on record. This covers the following areas: 1) degrees of custody, 2) work assignment, 3) academic training, 4) medical, psychological, psychiatric and sociological recommendations. After the staff interview the inmate is then discharged from the Center and transferred to any of the following institutions to which he was recommended: New Bilibid Prison A mixed custody type of institutions for recidivists, instructable offenders and security risks, and medical and psychiatric cases. Short termers and those who have served a prescribed portion of their term in good behavior are given minimum security privileges. Maximum prisoners are those who are encarcerated within the four walls of the prison and wear orange uniforms; medium prisoners have the blue or gray uniform and for the minimum prisoners, those otherwise known as the living out prisoners sport the brown suit. Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies a mllllmum security facility for first offenders with relatively long sentences, who should profit from a relatively conducive rural setting. They have extensive agricultural proj- 80 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL-52 cts, livestock and fishery, hospitals, general utility and maintenances, institutional and religious services, adult educational classes. Davao Penal Colony basically the same type of prisoners as those assigned to the Iwahig and Sablayan Penal Colonies but needing closer custodial supervision. Besides having similar activities, Davao has some manufacturing activities and industrial shops. San Ramon Prison Penal Farm Maximum security prison with a . Â · satellite farm and extens ive coconut plantation. Manila Office For medium security prisoners. It provides janitorial and maintenance services for government building in the Greater Manila area. 37 The Reception and Diagnostic Center is so organized to insure the success for which it has been established. It has the following staff: ( 1) (2) (1) ( 1) ( 1) (3) (3) (2) (2) ( 1) (1) (1) ( 1) (3) ( 10) Inmate Classification Coordinator Penal Psychiatrist Penal Institution Education Supervisor Penal Institution Teacher Senior Guidance Psychologist Guidance Psychologists Sociologists I Social Workers Inmate Interviewer Vocational Placement Officer Senior Clerk Clerk Supervising Prison Guard Senior Prison Guard Prison Guard The question, however, is whether or not this framework remains only on records or is an actual reality. The Superintendent of the Center is frank enough to admit that the ideal organization remains in theory. For instance, never was there a psychiatrist in the center. The Superintendent considers his positions as a tough one. He relates that before, there were prison guards as may be seen from the chart, who were trained to observe the behavior and actuations of prisoners in the RDC. However these guards were transferred to the New Bilibid Prison. Without the knowledge of the Reception and Diagnostic Center in many instances, prisoners are already classified into maximum, medium or minimum without an indication of the basis of the classification and without participation of the RDC. This practice und~rmines the purpose for which the RDC was established. 37 As per interview, Mr. Arturo Bustria, Superintendent, RDe. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 81 c. Treatment of Prisoners Imprisonment and other measures which result in cutting off an offender from the outside world are afflictive by the very fact of taking away from the person the right of self-determination and depriving him of his liberty. Therefore the prison system should not, except as an incident to justifiable segregation or maintenance of discipline, aggravate the suffering inherent in such a situation. The purpose and justification of a sentence of imprisonment on a similar measure deprivative of liberty is ultimately to protect society against crime. This end can only be achieved if the period of imprisonment is used to ensure, so far as possible, that upon his return to society, the offender is not only willing but able to lead a law-abiding and self-supporting life. To this end, the institution should utilize all the remedial, educational, moral, spiritual and other forces and forms of assistance which are appropriate and available, and should seek to apply them according to the individual treatment needs of the prisoners. The regime of the institution should seek to minimize any differences between prison life and life at liberty which tend to lessen the responsibility of the prisoners or the respect due to their dignity as human beings. These general guiding principles on the treatment of prisoners are provided for in the standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Such rules apply only to sentenced prisoners. We now consider the daily activities of prisoners at the New Bilibid prisons and see how these guiding principles are applied to them. 1. Living Conditions a. Accommodations Sections 6-10 of Article IV of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describe what kind of accommodations must be provided by the Institution for the use of prisoners: Sec. 6. All accommodations provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodations shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation. Sec. 8. The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner. Sec. 9. The bathing and shower installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to make full use of them according to reason. 82 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL VOL. 52 Sec. 10. All parts of the institution regularly used by the prisoners shall be properly maintained and kept scrupulously clean at all times. During the visits made by the group to the New Bilibid Prison, Provincial Jail of Batangas, Quezon City Jail and the Municipal Jail of Romblon, it was noted that the above-mentioned rules, in most cases, were given only lip service. Congestion se ems to be the perennial problem of Philippine prisons. This was particularly observed in the New Bilibid Prisons which has a capacity of 3,500 prisoners but which currently houses more than 8,000 prisoners. Sleeping accommodations is a far cry from that provided for by law. Even minimum comfort on the part of the prisoners is not provided. The authorities do not supply mattresses or pillows. The cells are uncomfortably cold and damp. Sleeping accommodations are so meager that prisoners are constrained to sleep in corridors. It would not be surprising then to know that prisoners would rather get sick and enjoy the comfort of hospital beds than be healthy and stay in their cells. Bathing and shower installations for the prisoners leave much to be desired. Toilets do not work properly. They are very dirty and not fit for human use. Also, there are not enough toilet facilities. Many times prisoners have to forego their morning rituals. Water is also scarce and prisoner usually go for days without taking a bath or doing their laundry. The prison officials are aware of such accommodations but would rather attribute it to lack of funds rather than mismanagement. b. Personal hygiene, dothing and bedding Section 1, Article XII of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) provides that a prisoner must be clean and orderly, everywhere and at all times, in his prison, clothes, bedding and dormitory. He shall be given the opportunity to b athe at least once a day. Section 1 of Article VI also describes the amount of clothing the penal institutions are supposed to provide for prisoners. The prison shall provide each prisoner with the following uniforms and equipments for which he or she shall be held accountable 3 suits or uniforms, 2 blankets, 1 pillow, 2 pillow cases As previously discussed, the facilities of the Philippine prisons, at least those we have visited, do not provide for a healthy hygienic atmosphere for the prisoners. Laundry detergents are used as soap in taking a bath. Adequate beddings contrary to the provision of the law, are not provided. Not enough clothing is given to prisoners, many have outgrown their clothes, some are even half-naked. For all the deficiencies, the prisoners families, funds of gang members usually attempt to provide and supplement. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 83 c. Food Section 20 of the Rules for Treatment of Prisoners (1960) describes what kind of food must be provided by the institution to the prisoners. 1. Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served. 2. Drinking water shall be available to every prisoner whenever he needs it. Even the chickens do better. This is the usual comment of inmates of the New Bilibid Prison. The budget for food per day is supposed to be P4. 50 but according to the inmates we interviewed, only f1. 50 is actually spent. It is alleged that the difference is divided among prison officials for themselves. Here is the usual menu: 1. Breakfast one pandesal which is more often than not hard, leftover. With the pandesal is either sugar or coffee but never coffee with sugar. 2. Lunch rice, beans, okra or mongo with dark liquid which is supposed to be their soup. . Supper rice, 12 pieces of dilis or 2-3 pieces of tuyo. Prisoners complain of the rice as being rotten and usually with worms. They complain about the soup which tastes a little better than mud. Most of the time they have to repair the food by adding salt, vetsin, sugar and other food seasoning. The prisoners in the provincial, city and municipal jails eat at least more decent food than Bilibid inmates. It is a wish by the Bilibid prisoners that everyday would be the birthday of their Director so that they will have a chance to taste pork, good vegetables and chicken (even if wings only). d. Medical Services Section 221. At every institution shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical officer who has some knowledge of psychiatry. 2. Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals where hospital facilities are provided, their supplies and equipment shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners and there shall be staff of trained officers. 84 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 The medical services offered by the prisons we visited is, to say the least, very inadequate for the ever growing number of prisoners. Management of medical services is below par. Medical officers are not always available to serve the needs of prisoners. Moreover, sick prisoners are not provided with their needed medicine by the prison authorities. In Bilibid, the group found out that aspirin is the most popular and the most versatile medicine, it is prescribed to prisoners with catarrh or gastro enteritis. Doctors are inadequate, one of the two psychiatrists of the RDC or the Reception and Diagnostic Center is even utilized as a regular doctor of the prison hospital. Only when the non-medical personnel observe that the prisoner badly needs a psychiatrist is the latter is borrowed from the hospital. In the provincial, city and municipal jails, medical services is a little bit better. Prisoners are taken to nearby government hospitals if they get sick although no medical attention is usually given to prevent the inmate from being afflicted with a disease or ailment. 2. Activities Prison Labor The main activities of the prisoners at the New Bilibid Prisons are gardening, hog-raising, cottage industries and the like. In the penal colonies, however, truly agricultural labor can be seen as the prisoners in our penal colonies plant rice, corn, etc. These activities are all prison labor, which should not be understood as that prison labor designed to be hard, harsh, monotonous and unpleasant in order to emphasize its essentially retributive and deterrent factors, but it should be understood in its modern day concept of being a means of treatment, contributing to the national growth, maintaining and increasing the prisoners ability to earn an honest living after release, and vocational training for young prisoners. Prison labor does not necessarily mean, therefore, working in the open field, tilling the land and planting different kinds of vegetables and other crops. Some who are skilled in making cottage industry products may also pursue this line of interest; others who find interest in handling machines and engines may also select this field of prison labor. It was said that no single phase of life within prison walls is more important to the public and to the inmate than efficient industrial operations and the intelligent use of the labor of prisoners. Indeed, prison labor, in its present-day context, should be helping the prisoners in reforming their lives inside in preparation for their eventual release. The monotony of being segregated from society would be diminished by a well-planned prison labor, the ultimate results being that the prisoners wilt not only be rehabilitated but will also contribute to the national economic growth. 1977] PHILIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 85 In the National Bilibi d Prison, it was noted that in most cases, only the minimum security prisoners are the ones performing the prison labor in the , fields. This is explainable by the fact that these prisoners are the least security risks among all prisoners. Field work ranges from planting different kinds of vegetables to raising hogs and other domestic animals. Proceeds from these go to the institution which in turn may be spent fo r its maintenance. The prisoners who perform the work receive very meager compensation, and only after six months of being permanently assigned to a definite work, subject to the condition that he maintains good conduct and shows interest and a definite degree of progress in the particular work assigned to him. It is however noted that this meager compensation is not directly received by the prisoner himself. Such are kept in trust for him by the institution, subject to the rules that only one half thereof may be utilized for purchases of the prisoners needs while the remainder shall be paid only upon release. Under some exceptional circumstances, however, if satisfactory reason of necessity for withdrawal is shown, then the Director of Prisons or the Superintendent may authorize the disbursement of any part of the amount retained. It is a fact that whenever one works, he expects a compensation commensurate to the work done. Interest in an endeavor is not total if there is no clear indication as to the receivable remuneration. It is however not expected that prison labor be compensated proportionately to the work done considering that the prisoners are also being housed and fed by the institution. However, a reasonable and just compensation under the present circumstances will alleviate the miseries of these prisoners, who, even though they are segregated from society for crimes done against it, should nevertheless be made to feel that they are still human beings. Education and Vocational Training Provision shall be made for further education of all prisoners capable of profiting therefrom. The education of illiterates and young prisoners shall be compulsory and special attention shall be paid to it by the institution. So far as practicable, the education of prisoners shall be integrated with the educational system of the country so that after their release they may continue their education without difficulty. Above provisions are taken from the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. It will be noted that youthful offenders and illiterate are the principal objects of this training although the inclusion of the adult prisoners is not precluded. In the National Bilibid Prisons, the eaucational training as intended by above rules is not at all a reality. Slow headway on the vocational training 86 PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL [VOL. 52 however is evident, the only major setback being that there is lack of funds to equip such vocational training center. Hence, the prisoners only content themselves with what are readily available although such are not really their line of interest. It can be said that the inadequate education and vocational training devices employed by our present prison system do not at all help in rehabilitating our prisoners. It cannot be expected that the meager equipment in our present vocational centers will at all times have a strong impact on training our prisoners for the outside world, but to give justice to the efforts of our government may at least get something to start with. Recreation and Leisure-time Activities It is important that these activities should be well-implemented because the more a prisoner -works without any recreation at all, the more he feels bored and whenever a prisoner feels bored, he does anything or plans everything destructive to the institution and the society in general. Hence, it is provided in the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners that recreational and cultural activities shall be provided in all institutions for the benefit of the mental and physical health of the prisoners. It is expected that every morning at least, the prisoners should be sunbathing and doing some exercises outside their cells. There is no problem with the minimum security prisoners. However for those in the maximum security cells, this is not feasible due to the danger that riots might ensure. Facilities for outdoor games are present in the prison grounds. There are basketball courts to play at but apparently no ball is available. So that the main recreational activities of the prisoners are confined mostly inside their cells. They resort to playing cards and other games of chance because facilities for indoor games are absent. It cannot be denied that recreational activities are important to the prisoners morale and are significant to effective institutional discipline. Hence, selection of such activities that will truly interest the prisoners should be done effectively. It is a fact that prisoners use their leisure to more damaging effects than non-criminals, hence to avoid this it is important that prisoners should not be given the chance to habituate himself to sloth, vices and demoralizing associations. VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS If the main and sole purpose of our prisons is to segregate an offender from the rest of the society because that man is socially dangerous, then our prison system has fulfilled its purpose and it can be considered to be effective. We follow the classical school of penology that justifies imprisonment to punish the offenders. As a consequence, treatment of our prisoners is punitive and retributive. 1977] PIDLIPPINE PRISON SYSTEM 87 There is however, a different kind of approach in dealing with such offenses that is gaining ground all over the world. Today, prisons are no longer thought of as solely established for the punishment of the offenders. Experience shows that this kind of approach only make men and women worse. The increasing number of recidivists, habitual delinquents and hardened criminals seems to suggest that the punitive approach fails in the achievement of a more lofty purpose, that is, the rehabilitation of the offender, so that he can be admitted to the mainstream of the free society again but this time a reformed and responsible man. Rehabilitation is the present trend of dealing with offenders. The individual responsibility of the offender is slowly being substituted with that of societys responsibility. It is argued that a person who does wrong should be punished but that punishment is not the ultimate goal. Punishment must not be too harsh, too inhuman to the extent of disregarding the basi

Discussion on Various Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discussion on Various Articles - Essay Example The article is about the comparison between two mythical characters named Adam and Adapa that came from near East culture. They were both part of stories about the origin of men. They both failed to gain immortality, but in different ways (Hess 1994, p. 35). Adam did not gain immortality because of his disobedience while Adapa lacked the access to immortality because of his faithfulness to the choice of his father named Ea, the God of Wisdom. Other parallels had been seen by Andreasen between the two as Adapa was shown to follow wisdom while Adam was more of self-follower. They were both challenged by the gods, failed the test, and gave serious consequence to humanity. Their names were also related based on the phonetics (Walton 1989, p. 64). They differ in terms of views on men as Mesopotamian view which is in the character that shows nobility and respect to the gods while Adam showed the opposite which is being sinful. Discussion 2 The Song of Songs is considered to be written by S olomon and a part of the Bible in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It has been studied by various scholars across centuries as the contents are subjected to various interpretations. The contents may be interpreted literally or they may convey deeper meanings in life. People may argue that the verses contain eroticism about the discovery of love and sexuality between a man and woman from adolescence to adulthood. It involves figures that may be considered taboo if people relate them to sexuality (Marieselvam 1987, p. 31). It may be found to be contradicting the teachings of the Christian Church if interpreted literally. For Christians, it is about the relationship between Jesus and the Church as the groom and bride. They talk about the so-called agape or selfless love. Some sexual involvement may be seen but it is part of the love within marriage which is actually a giving and receiving relationship (Hunt 2008, p. 21). Likewise, interpretation truly makes Song of Songs erotic and holy at the same time. It is considered holy in the lines â€Å"My beloved is all radiant and ruddy, distinguished among ten thousand,† (Songs 5:10) and â€Å"Look, it is the litter of Solomon! Around it are sixty mighty men of the mighty men of Israel,† (Songs 3:7). They talk about the coming of the Messiah in the person of Christ who is a descendant of David. In terms of eroticism, Song of Songs should be interpreted literally as â€Å"Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth,† (Songs 1:2a) and â€Å"for your lovemaking is better than wine,† (Songs 1:2b). The last two quoted lines showed the acts done by lovers and compared to the taste of wine. Discussion 3 The tale that the author read in Arabian Nights is Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves. It is comparable to another famous Arabian Nights story entitled Aladdin. They are both famous tales from the Middle East which are mostly occupied by Muslims. Their common setting shows palace in the deserts as Arab c ountries are located in those hot dry areas. â€Å"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves† follows the story of a son of a merchant and his brother being left behind after the death of their father. Cassim, the brother of Ali Baba, was so greedy that he took over the business of their father and married a rich woman. On the other hand, Ali Baba was married to a poor woman and they lived on woodcutting. One day, Ali Baba accidentally discovered the cave of the

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Art Criticism Paper - Essay Example It stimulates different parts of our brains to act in a particular way and it gives us a way to be creative and express ourselves.Basically, art plays a very significant role in our daily lives. It is a form of communication that uses the aid of symbols and pictures that depict various meanings in our social lives. A critical analysis of the first picture, (brothers of fire) depicts that there is an element of unity and love in various images shown. However, it must be noted that different meanings of symbols are culture specific. They mean different things depending on the cultural values of any given society. In the picture given, the images of clasping hands which are symbolic to different cultures are the most captivating and they depict different meanings. In most cases shaking of hands is a sign of greeting each other and is symbolic of love and affection. There is an element of unity and brotherhood whenever different people greet each other. People often greet each other in many different ways using their hands and it may vary from one society to the other. Greeting each other with a sign of bringing to contact clenched fists is typical of Rastafarians and is often associated with the notion of â€Å"one love† and â€Å"peace† which characterises their religion. There are however, different interpretations that are often associated with this gesture depending on the cultural background that often determine moral values of a particular group. Normally, in the world of Christianity, clasping both hands in the upward direction is a sign of offering a prayer to the lord while in some sections of the society it is a sign of paying tribute to someone. It is a sign of showing respect and honour. On the other hand, a sign showing only one finger and thumb pointing in the front direction is often associated with paying homage to someone and

Incidents in the life of a slave girl Research Paper

Incidents in the life of a slave girl - Research Paper Example This was precisely because inside the house, there was no hash scorching sun and they could also eat their master’s leftover (Bowdoin.edu 5). However, in some homes, it was not the case. After a meal, the master and family would spit on the pans and kettles so that the slaves could not feed on the left overs (Bowdoin.edu 5). For slave’s who were mothers, life was very hard since there was no better nutrition for them and their infants. Many infants died due to chronic undernourishment since there was little food and the mothers were also overworked (Bowdoin.edu 7). This hardship life saw many slaves die early and very few lived to old age (Bowdoin.edu 7). Slaves were considered not human. The abuse and torture they went through was worse than what animals went through. It is revealed how slaves were whipped, lashed and clubbed on daily basis whether they did something good or bad (Bowdoin.edu 10). For female slaves, life was even worse than males. Most were also subjected into physical abuse. Many women and girls were rapes and sexually abused by their masters (Bowdoin.edu 10). There was no one to rescue them. It is important to note that most slaves’ masters used this kind of harassment and punishment to control and dehumanize their slaves (Bowdoin.edu 5). The slaves had different ways of copying up with the bondage they were encountering. There are those who took in and those who fought back. Based on the repercussion, fighting back openly was a serious crime. No slave was allowed to defy his/her master’s orders. This was heavily punishable. However, slaves being human beings did not agree to everything the master said. But due to lack of courage to speak as a result of fear, many chose to collaborate. In the case of Linda who was a beautiful female slave fell into an additional trap since her master fell in love with her (Harriet, Jacob 11). She had

IKEA Franchising Strategy

IKEA Franchising Strategy IKEA is an international home furniture company that selling the wide ranges of well-designed and functional products which packed in form of ready-to-assemble. According to IKEA (2012), its business is founded in 1943 by 17 years old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden. The headquarter company of IKEA is placed in Delft, Netherlands. With the time turned, furniture retailer IKEA becomes one of successful companies around the world and has ability to take advantage of globalization. Therefore, now IKEA has 325 stores in 38 countries in which 287 stores in 26 countries is wholly owned INGKA Holding (non-for-profit corporation) and the remaining 38 stores are run by franchisees which under Dutch company (for-profit corporation) (n.a, 2012). INGKA Holding is parent company of Dutch company. The largest stores around the world are placed in China, German and Sweden (IKEA, 2012). The IKEA business is developed starting with home selling and then turn to become international nowadays. Originally, IKEA only sold small home accessories and trinkets products in its home, Sweden. Until 1948, IKEA began to design its own furniture products and sold in low price with high quality (Ellis, 2010). The process of business development is from home selling the products, open a retail store in Almhult town, Sweden (1958), then develop a larger retail outlet in Norway (1963). In 2012, IKEA committees plan to develop a wholly-own subsidiary corporate in India countries after did the market investigation. Currently, majority of IKEA stores are wholly owned and managed by INGKA Holding (also known as Stichting INGKA Foundation). The wholly owned subsidiary strategy explain that majority of stores operations, management, its furniture design and manufacture are overseen by INGKA Holding. For the case, IKEA has long eyed the retail market in India, now plan to invest  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬900 million to create a wholly own subsidiary in India (Kinetz, 2012). On the other hand, IKEA also implements the franchising strategy in some countries to manage minority stores. The franchisees who allowed using IKEAs concept and trademark to run business have to pay 3% of revenue back. Since the culture and value is different in every country, IKEA committees evaluate the countrys local market and its future expansion opportunities before go in. For the future expansion, we suggest that IKEA should take joint venture strategy as business expansion strategy in India country. Joint venture is a good strategy to assist a company enters into a different cultural market. As an example, Wal-Mart knew nothing about Asian retail market, they choose entered into Hong Kong via joint venture with Thai conglomerate (Neelima Mahajan-Bansal, 2012). Second recommendation we suggest to IKEA is using wholly owned subsidiary to enter Brazil. The reason we choose Brazil as another target market because it has stability of political economy environment which can reduce various risk of business (n.a., 2011). IKEA also can take the advantage of Brazil since there has full of high quality woods as the resource for business (n.a., 2011). 2.0 Current Expansion Strategy Wholly owned Subsidiaries IKEA use wholly owned subsidiary as their main expansion. The IKEA corporate structure is divided in to two parts which are operating and franchising. Most of the IKEAs operations practices are overseen and managed by INGKA Holding B.V. INGKA Holding B.V is wholly owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation, a non-profit registered in Leiden in the Netherlands which is controlled by the Kamprad family (IKEAFANS, 2009). In year 2011, there are IKEA stores in 38 countries operating around the world such as United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherland, France, Russia, Saudi Arabia, China, Malaysia, Australia, and etc. There are 287 stores run by the INGKA Holding B.V and the remaining 38 stores are run by franchisees (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). IKEA can either set up new operation in the country or can acquire an established firm in the host nation and use that firm to promote its promote its product as long as IKEA own 100 percent ownership of the stock. Habitat Retail Ltd. is a household furnishings retailer in the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Spain and in the year of 1992, IKEA acquired Habitats UK and French chain with about pound 55m to expand their business (Moore. J, 1992). IKEA own all of their buildings and land, and stores are custom built and designed for efficiency and sales potential. In order to do that, IKEA do not cut back investment in retail stores. (Deniz, Marco Art, 2012) The main purpose of the IKEA use this expansion strategies is to ensure operational control, standardization, and provide a smooth entry into to a new market. The attractive way to use wholly owned subsidiaries is where IKEA can reduces the risk of losing control over their core competence and its concept. This expansion strategies give IKEA have the full control over operation practices such as marketing, logistics and decision in different countries to meet their standard. In addition, all the profits will go to IKEA due to having full control on every operation. It is necessary for them engaging in global strategic coordination. Wholly owned subsidiaries also required IKEA to realize location and experience curve economies (Hill et. al., 2011). This which means, IKEA able to achieve economic of scale by manufacture more products and reduce the average cost of products (Hill et. al., 2011). Indirectly, this also fulfill the IKEA porter generic strategies which is cost leadership. However, wholly owned subsidiary strategy is highly expensive choice for company that would lead to severe financial risk if not successful. IKEA have to bear the full costs and high risk by themselves of setting up the factories, stores and retail shops operations in other nations (Hill, et. al., 2011). Japan was the first country in Asia that IKEA considered to enter in 1970s during their expansion to the international market. Their first entry to Japan market was in 1974 (n.a, 2008). Due to the differences between culture, lifestyle and behavior lead to IKEA face the failure and they had to withdraw their store out of Japan. However, IKEA decided to re-enter the market in 2002. This time IKEA conducted a thorough study of the markets and understand their requirement (Alexandra, 2009). At present, there are five IKEA stores in Japan, last of which was opened in year 2011(Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Besides that, there are political risks of entering in to the market wholly in the form of nationalisation threats or corruption and bribery (Back et. al., 2010).   Recently in year 2009, there have been issues about corruption in the opening of retail store in Russia (n.a., 2011). It has been held by safely officials requests for payments and IKEA is refusing to so. Thus, IKEA has ended up by would not build more stores outside the Moscow region until Russian officials stop withholding permission and freeze expansions on Russia (n.a., 2011). Franchising Strategy The IKEA concept which bring IKEA franchise worldwide is belong to the Inter IKEA System B.V in Netherlands. Inter IKEA Systems B.V is the franchisor and it is the owner of the IKEA concept and trademark (IKEAFANS, 2009). The franchisees have the right to operate IKEA store under the franchise agreements in accordance with franchisors systems and methods to use IKEA trademarks establish by Inter IKEA Systems B.V(Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Besides, IKEA franchisees able to access to the product range of IKEA and opportunity to continuously take part in IKEA concept development in their own stores. (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Then, IKEA franchisee has its own responsibilities to manage, develop and run their local market business with efforts after granting the rights of IKEA concept. The main concept of IKEA want to expand its market by implement franchising is due to the objective of Inter IKEA Systems B.V.. According to the objective of Inter IKEA Systems B.V., its objective is to increase the availability of IKEA products through world-wide franchising the IEKA concept (IKEAFANS, 2009). So, this encourages the IKEA wanted to create infinity for IKEA through franchising. Besides, the decisive factors for IKEA to franchise for long-term approach are due to its ownership structure and total independence in furniture market (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Thus, IKEA bring out the franchising method so that it can secure an infinite life for the IKEA concept when the different companies in different countries able to build the resources needed to expand global under IKEA concept (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Moreover, the franchisor, Inter IKEA Systems B.V. acts role to perform some important tasks such as expand IKEA business, improve and develop IKEA concepts, transfer know-how of IKEA to its retailers, monitor IKEA concept implementation and protect IKEA concept (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Currently, total of 38 IKEA franchisees are located over 11 countries. The countries with IKEA franchisee included 2 stores in United Arab Emirates, one stores in Kuwait, 3 stores in Saudi Arabia, 2 stores in Australia, 7 stores in China Taiwan, one stores in Cyprus, 5 stores in Greece, 3 stores in Malaysia and Singapore, 5 stores in Turkey, one stores in Iceland, 2 stores in Israel, 1 stores in Dominican Republic and 4 stores in Spain (Inter IKEA Group, n.d.). Franchises strategy not only provide the firm with high control of brand and strategy, but it is also a low financial investment risk and enabling the company to benefit from local knowledge (Back, Andrew Sparapani, 2010). Furthermore, some benefits can be able to gain through franchising by IKEA. For instance, it can earn extra source of income in term of loyalty and franchise fees since it franchises its retail stores located over 38 countries. The franchisees who allowed to use the concept and trademarks of IKEA is necessary to pay 3% of revenue earn to Inter IKEA Systems B.V annually (IKEAFANS, 2009). So, this intentionally provides other cash inflow for the IKEA. Although by using franchising strategy, IKEA can relief of many of the cost and risk of opening a foreign market (Hill Hernà ¡ndez-Requejo, 2011). However, this could make IKEA difficult to control the standards and quality where some franchisees may not concerned about these issues. This could be happened and hard to detect due to the geographic distance between franchisees and main franchisor. This might lead to affect consumer views of IKEAs product if the standards of products are not standardize in its own country compare with the IKEA main stores. 3.0 Future Expansion Strategy Joint Venture to Enter into India Market Joint venture is suitable for IKEA to enter into India Market. It refers to the set up of a new company that is jointly owned by two or more participants (Hill Hernà ¡ndez-Requejo 2011). Each partner must have something special and important such as knowledge, skill, and capital to offer the venture and simultaneously provide a source of gain to the other participants.  The reason for enter into India market is India furniture retail market has been classified by CSIL Milano as one of the 14 largest furniture markets in the world with the worth of US$8 billion and is growing at 30% annually (n.a., 2012). The second reason is that the furniture industry in India is highly unorganized. Nearly 85% of the home furnishing industry is in the unorganized sector and remaining 15% is in the organized sector which included domestic players and also imports (n.a., 2009). The reason to use joint venture is due to the government policy in inviting foreign company to invest in India. According to past policy in India, foreign firms can only own up to 51 percent of joint venture (Sharma Hansegard, 2012). The policy has changed last year by allows some retailers to own 100% of their Indian units. After the change of policy, IKEA have applied for permission to invest into India. However, the result of permission still has not come out. IKEA should not realize on the permission of the wholly own subsidiary given by the local government. If government reject its application, is it IKEA will not enter into the one of the 14 largest furniture markets in the world? There are many successful example of joint venture or cooperative between foreign furniture companies with local company in India today. Arrital Cucine, an Italian furniture company sells its products in India through its Indian partner, Overseas Connexions while the Germany company, Wilhelm Bolt C o. has a technical agreement with Arvind furniture to produce furniture at India (Mukherjee Patel, 2005). There is no time for IKEA to waste as they should quickly enter into India market through joint venture with local company to set up its manufacturing plants and also sell its product around the India. Culture is an important aspect that multinational company should consider before take an action to enter into a specific country (Hill et. al, 2011). Indian culture and their home decoration style are different from western country. Consumers may not accept the western design furniture as they are used to purchase traditional design of furniture which suit to their culture. Thus, set up a joint venture with local firm is a better way to doing business in India and hence can reduce the risk of failure. The difference of culture can directly affect the way how a business operates in that country. The experience of IKEA in China should be take note. Although there is a rapid increase in the number of visitors and sales volume in China, IKEA had yet to make a profit in China. IKEA showed local consumers new home decoration concepts using its various products but Chinese consumers do not accept it (Li Xu, 2007). IKEA have 25 years of procurement experience in China but yet still cannot understand deeply about the Chinese culture and consumers living style, preferences and taste. Thus, before set up its own retail store in India, they should make a deeply study on the local market. Joint venture with local company can bring more valuable information and knowledge for IKEA. IKEA can build relationship with local suppliers, distributors, and media. They can get the data and information form the joint venture firm. Besides that, cooperation with local branded company can quickly promote its brand name into consumers mind. Who should IKEA select to cooperative is crucial. Durian, Furniturewala, Zuari, Renaissance, Furniture Concepts, Millenium Lifestyles, are some of the key players in Indian furniture industry. Local company who can provide marketing expertise, local knowledge, have strong relationship with government, suppliers and distributors should be consider as they can provide many benefit to IKEA for their future operating its own subsidiary in India (Hill et. al, 2011). Besides that, good reputation and image of the local company also is one of the aspects to be considered for cooperative. Company with good reputation can bring IKEA into local market and also consumers mind easily. In contrast, cooperative with company possess bad reputation will straightly harm IKEA brand name and thus being bookmark as poor image company in consumers mind. Thus, companies mentioned above are the best local company for cooperation. According to IKEA Company, the requirement of purchase at least 30% of goods from local small and medium size enterprise under the new policy will remain a challenge for the company (Sharma etc. 2012). Thus, direct investment may not be a best strategy as they are not familiar with local business and industry. Until now, they still cannot truly build the supply chain network in India, so how are they going to set up its own retail store and run the business by themselves. Thus, when should they enter into India? If they do seriously consider the joint venture strategy, they should enter into India 1 or 2 year ago. With joint venture with local firm, IKEA can quickly access to local suppliers through the network of the local company and operate its business smoothly. The growing of furniture industry in India is due to two reasons, Indias large size and Indian tastes have started changed and Indian people are looking for more western furniture style (n.a., 2010). The market attractiv eness is not a problem and it is a chance to take the advantage for establishes its own retail store in coming year. As conclusion, due to local government policy, cultural difference, and also local business network, IKEA should use joint venture as entry mode to enter into India. This action enables them to build up a strong base for future expansion. Wholly Owned Subsidiary to Enter into Brazil IKEA needs to expand the business by entering into new foreign markets in order to ensure the companys future growth. We recommend IKEA can enter into Brazil in South America by considering the wholly owned subsidiary strategy. IKEA have entered into Europe, Asia, North America, Middle East and Caribbean but have yet entered into South America (IKEA, 2012). Two of the mandatory requirements for IKEA to move into Brazil are that the host country must be a member of the World Trade Organisation and a signatory to the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Back et.al., 2011). The reason we choose to enter into Brazilian market because of the stable political economy factors. Political factors, economic factors, demand factors are factors that will influenced the potential attractiveness of a foreign markets (Hill et al., 2011). The Brazilian economys entered into a stable growth stage after the recovery form financial crisis in 2008. Besides that, Brazil estimated to grow 4.0% in 2012 and the economy is expected will rises from the seventh worlds largest to the fifth within next few years (n.a., 2011). Comparing with other countries in South America, Brazil has the highest Market Potential Index (MPI) (n.a., 2011). As a result, Brazils economy is the best that all of other countries in South America (CIA, 2012). Since domestic savings are not sufficient to sustain long-term growth rates, Brazil is currently encourages foreign direct investment (FDI) and it is the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in South America (n.a., 2011). The entry of IK EA can increase the employment rate of Brazil and increase the revenue of government. Furthermore, IKEA may exploit the market of South America by grabbing this opportunity. Furthermore, the furniture and furnishings sales in Brazil has grown by 5% in 2009 to reach over R$18 billion (U$ 555,435,224.08) and expected continue to grow in the next few years (Ong, Ng and Wu, 2010). This indicated that the demands of consumers are increasing and providing the opportunity for business to grow. IKEA expand into the Brazil market would form early market entry because it enters first into South America markets before other foreign firms. According to Lieberman and Montgomery (1988), the advantages of first mover are the ability to pre-empt rivals, capture demand by building s strong brand name, rides the learning curve ahead of rivals and the ability to create switching costs that tied customers into their products and services. For example, Walmart entered into the China market as early mover, which gained the ability to pre-empt rivals and capture early demand and still dominating the market over the late over Tesco (Waldmeir, 2010). IKEA has experienced as an early mover into the markets in the past. The company has entry into Canada markets in 1976, USA in 1985 and China in 1998 (IKEA, 2012). Thus, IKEA have the advantages of pre-empt rivals and riding the learning curve ahead of its rivals. However, IKEA also suffered from the pioneering costs when they realised of the need for localisation of its American product range (Back et al., 2011). The reasons IKEA failed in the Japanese markets was because IKEA lack of readiness for the Japanese market and lack of readiness of Japanese consumers for IKEAs do-it-yourself concept  (Wijers-Hasegawa 2006). Consequently, IKEA need to beware that riding the learning curve can be a long ride if the market is not ready to adapt the products. We suggest IKEA use wholly owned subsidiary because there are around 16,000 furniture companies in Brazil and most are family owned companies. There are few key domestic players included Florense, Brazil Furniture Group, and others. The furniture market is keep growing and there is yet well known and large furniture company emerge in the market. (Evans, 2012). Thus, the furniture market in Brazil is still unexplored by multinational furniture company. Thus, a well known brand name is easily discover by the market and the consumer when large company entering into that industry. IKEA, a world famous furniture company, have the competency to entering into furniture industry in Brazil and create strong brand image to the entire furniture market easily. As there are many small furniture companies, it is easily for IKEA to enter and dominate the Brazils market. The worlds largest rainforest, The Amazon, is located in Brazil. Thus, Brazil has abundance of high quality woods as the raw material for IKEA produce high quality furniture to consumers. This is the main reason for IKEA to use the wholly owned subsidiary to entry into Brazil. Besides that, the labour cost in Brazil is cheap compared to Europe and America (n.a., 2011). In other words, Brazil has significant comparative advantages compared to others exporting countries because it has excellent quality of raw materials at low costs and flexible labor (n.a., 2004). Wholly owned subsidiary can enable IKEA gain full control over the businesss operations which will also lower the brand risk in the same time (Back et.al., 2011). By wholly owned subsidiary, IKEA can get 100 percent profits that generated in Brazil. Besides that, by adapting wholly owned subsidiary, IKEA can gain the ability to realize location and experience economics as the company is adopting transnational strategy (Hill et. at., 2011). Thus, IKEA can make full decisions to produce products that are customized to the local customer wants and needs. In the South America Context, Brazil is the most preferred country for investment. Entering into South America market is an imported step of the IKEAs globalization strategy. 4.0 Conclusion In conclusion, we knew that IKEA is a very successful worldwide home furniture company. But, they are also facing franchising control management problem due to geographic distance. If franchises do not operate well in the current market, this will affect IKEAs reputation. They tend to reduce this problem by using wholly owned subsidiaries for expansion. This strategy also not very well for IKEA because full control over their competence and its concepts but instead increasing the risks for entry the market due to cultural conflict. We can see that IKEA was failure to entry in Japan before due to diff culture, lifestyle and purchasing behavior. So, we recommended that joint venture is suitable for IKEA to further expand. This strategy can reduce risk for entry and for better handle the market culture and policy. The joint venture that enable IKEA cooperative with those company that fulfill marketing expertise, local knowledge and skill and the most important factor is have strong relationship with government. These benefits encourage IKEA enable to operating well in the specific country. A successful company should analyze all the variables that will lead to failure before enter into a specific market. Although this strategy has occurs some problem and risk but compare to previous strategies, this strategy is better for IKEA sustainable development. Furthermore, cooperative with well known company will also increase IKEA reputation and influence local consumer purchasing behavior. Finally, a very successful company will not stop growing their business and finding the ways that lead to further expansion. They must know well their limit and beat all the deadlines. IKEA has put a lot of efforts on developing their business that strengthen capacity for further expansion. Consequently, they should use joint venture strategy to expand in other countries. The more understanding other countries culture, lifestyle and behavior, the closer the gaps for success.